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Ḵas'ida̱'asa sa̱n's ga̱lga'lis.
X̱a ga̱lga'lis, ba̱gwana̱mu'łida dłig̱adu'łas U'mała̱me'. Gayutłi lax̱a 'Ni'na̱lk̓inux̱w lax̱a 'Na̱mgis. Ḵ̓otła̱li U'mała̱me'yas 'walase'tłi pałatł, la a̱x̱'iłx̱is xwak̓wa̱na lax̱ Heg̱a̱m's - ḵ̓a̱lsatłe' lax̱a na̱ge.
Ałag̱awe' sa pała a̱'eda̱'aḵi U'mała̱me' lax̱is gayulas, la it'i x̱is bagwas. La hanat'ła x̱a 'na̱m 'nalas la̱'e dux̱w'atła̱la x̱a t̓łi't̓ła̱wa̱l's. La a̱x̱'ex̱sda̱ ḵa's 'na̱xwaga̱'atła̱le' lax̱. La̱'e lasg̱a̱me' x̱a t̓ła̱wa̱l's la la'dza̱nd x̱a na̱ge. La lax̱is i'si ḵ̓odła̱ł a̱wi'nagwis.
La ḵ̓oł'atła̱las he'ileda alumas a̱wi'nagwis. La'a̱m 'nink̓ix̱'id ḵa's a̱'eda̱'aḵe ne'nakw. La a̱'eda̱'aḵa ḵa's le a̱x̱'id x̱is 'ma'mikas. La̱'e ne'nakw la'a̱m a̱x̱a̱mtsis 'walas t̓łag̱a̱kwa̱ma'ya', ḵax̱s he'ma̱'e długwe'. La'a̱m a̱x̱'itsa ḵa̱mxwa lax̱is xum's, i'kila x̱is ba̱k̓wine'. Yu'a̱m długwe' t̓sa̱we'x̱.
La'a̱m ga̱lba̱nd ḵas'i a̱'eda̱'aḵa lax̱a t̓a̱xsola. La'a̱m laga̱'a lax̱a wa 'na̱xwała lax̱a t̓łasakw. La laga̱'a lax̱ ḵwisa'dzi'yasi da 'ma̱kola. 'Walas ḵa̱lx'idi U'mała̱me' gayalas la̱'e ḵwisgila ḵasa. La'a̱m k̓waga'a̱l's 'na̱xwała lax̱a wa ḵa's xus'ide' yawas'id. La'a̱m'la̱'e xus'id la̱'e dux̱w'atła̱la x̱a ba̱gwana̱m g̱wasuła̱la lax̱a ḵwiḵwa̱sa'dzi.
La'a̱mx̱a̱'e dux̱w'atła̱li da ba̱gwana̱max̱ U'mała̱me'. La'a̱m ha'nakwil a̱'eda̱'aḵa ne'nakw lax̱is lilḵwa̱latłe'. Kwa̱nxwa̱lałtłi da ba̱gwana̱m. Li Kwa̱nxwa̱lał niła x̱is lilḵwa̱latłe'yas duḵwa̱la'e x̱a pa̱x̱a̱la 'na̱xwała lax̱a wa. La'a̱m ḵ̓otła̱lax̱s pa̱x̱a̱la'e U'mała̱me' ḵa̱'es 'walas t̓łag̱a̱kwa̱me'.
La̱'mi Kwa̱nxwa̱lał a̱x̱k̓ala x̱is biba̱gwana̱m ḵa's lax̱se' x̱is xwak̓wa̱na ḵa six̱w'ide's tłi'lala x̱a pa̱x̱a̱la ḵa le' lax̱is gukwda̱m's. La'a̱m la̱'etłi U'mała̱me' lax̱ gukwas. La'a̱m wa̱tła ḵu' g̱wix'ida̱'as'nukw lax̱ ka̱lxwalax̱ x̱a 'walasi t̓łag̱a̱kwa̱me'. I's a̱x̱'ex̱sda̱ ḵa's lax̱ude' x̱is t̓łag̱a̱kwas i'sa̱'e a̱'umsa. La'a̱m gwigwa̱łt̓sa̱nda̱x̱ ḵa's lax̱ude' sa a̱m'a̱me''ma̱nix̱w. La'a̱m ax̱ila x̱a wa̱'okw ḵa's ba̱k̓wine'.
Ha̱łax̱'itsu'wi U'mała̱me'yasa maya'a̱nłi ha̱ba̱s'a̱ne' sa ḵ̓asa. La'a̱m dalax̱ la̱'e ne'nakwa'. La itso lax̱a t̓a̱xsola. La'a̱m ne'nakw. La tłi'lala x̱is ḵ̓ina̱m lilḵwa̱latłe' ḵa's k̓wiłe'. La'a̱m yax̱w'idtsis ha̱ba̱s'a̱ne'. La'a̱m galabe' gig̱a̱me'yi U'mała̱me' yaḵwa sa 'walas yaḵ̓wima lax̱a galu'ła 'nala.
Olak̓al ik a̱wi'nak̓wa̱si da t̓a̱xsola ḵ̓asu's U'mała̱me'. Ha̱s'mix̱ax̱ dłu'wis 'na̱m'x̱dłała ḵax̱s he'ma̱'e galabe' ḵ̓ax̱. G̱eła ḵwisgili 'na̱m'x̱dłałes U'mała̱me'. G̱eła a̱x̱a̱lanukwsa t̓a̱xsola ḵa's t̓ła'yup̓e' dłu' bagwa̱nsap̓e' d̓łu'wis dłidła̱dłola lax̱a ḵwiḵwa̱sa'dzi. La'a̱m ḵadzitłanaxwi da lilḵwa̱latłe' 'na̱mx'idamas x̱a ma'ł lilḵwa̱latłe'. La'a̱m a̱x̱a̱lanukw sa t̓a̱xsola ḵa's t̓ła'yup̓e'.
Heda t̓ła'yup̓ula̱mi da t̓łaḵwa g̱wa̱ms, dłu' ha̱ba̱s'a̱ne'yasa 'ma̱lx̱tłu, dłu'wa a'a̱nt, dłu'wa ḵ̓a̱mḵ̓a̱mda̱m, he'misdła olak̓al iki da t̓łi'na. Olak̓al łaxwa̱li da t̓łi'na. K̓iyos g̱wix'ida̱'as a̱x̱ilasu' lax̱a ḵwiḵwa̱sa'dzi. Ḵax̱s he'ma̱'e olak̓al łaxwa̱la t̓ła'yup̓asu'wi da t̓łi'na la dłig̱aḏa̱x'idi da t̓a̱xsoles T̓łi'na T̓a̱xsola. Lida t̓a̱xsola a̱x̱a̱lasi da 'Na̱mg̱is dłu'wa lilḵwa̱latłe' gayutł lax̱a ḵwiḵwa̱sa'dzi lax̱a lux̱wsa̱mx'idi na̱ḵax̱'a̱nx̱ila.
Ałag̱awe's gax̱a̱'e da mamał'a lax̱a̱n's a̱wi'nagwis la t̓ła'yuwi da 'naxwa. T̓ła'yuwi da alumasa x̱a̱n's g̱waya'ya̱'elas. La'a̱m ha'naxw'idi da xwak̓wa̱na t̓ła'yusu'sa da ka̱lka̱lxsisa̱la (ka). La'a̱m ha'naxw'idi da gukwdzi t̓ła'yusu'sa da alumas guk̓wa̱s. K̓iyos la a̱x̱a̱lasa t̓a̱xsola, higa'a̱mli da ga̱lga̱'omas a̱x̱a̱lanukwsa t̓a̱xsola.
Lax̱a 'na̱m 'nala, k̓i's tłuma la g̱eła', muwi da t̓sat̓sa̱'yasola gayuł lax̱a 'Namg̱is a̱x̱'ex̱sda̱ ḵa's le ḵasa lax̱a t̓a̱xsolesis ga̱lga'lis. Li da ha̱'yał'a lax̱is giga̱g̱a̱me', wa̱tła ḵa's hiłḵ̓u'la̱me' ḵasa lax̱a t̓a̱xsola. Li da giga̱g̱a̱me' 'nink̓iḵa̱lax̱s tłume'tłi łok̓wimastł dłu' tła̱mḵałtsis ga̱lga'lis, la'a̱młx̱a̱'awis ḵ̓oł'ił x̱is a̱wi'nagwis. Li da giga̱g̱a̱me' t̓sosis i'kila, 'nik ḵe' o'mes yet̓łołaxda'x̱wa'.
Li da t̓sat̓sa̱'yasola t̓sosu' sa t̓łi'na sa da giga̱g̱a̱me', 'niksu ka̱'s t̓sowe' x̱is dłi'dłidła̱dłola lax̱a ḵwisa'dzi. I's ḵ̓otła̱li da t̓sat̓sa̱'yasole ḵa's 'nak̓a'ł, k̓i's ḵ̓otła̱la x̱is 'wa'wayastła. La̱'mis ni'noḵa'yas 'nix ḵa ḵatsowe's lax̱a ḵwisa'dzi. La̱'e lax̱is galaba̱nda̱'as lax̱a t̓a̱xsola, li da t̓sat̓sa̱'yasola ka̱ła̱la i's olak̓ala ḵ̓otła̱la x̱is lala̱'a lax̱a t̓a̱xsola. Kika'liḵa̱las g̱wixida̱'as'lax̱a. La kika'liḵa̱la, ̱la'a̱m olak̓al ḵ̓otła̱laxda'x̱w ḵa's wige o'a̱m ḵas'ida'
La̱'mida t̓sat̓sa̱'yasola 'nink̓iḵa̱las letłi mup̓a̱nxwa'stła̱ ḵasatł lax̱a t̓a̱xsola. La'a̱mx̱a̱'e dala x̱a yawapsa̱m's. La'a̱m ḵ̓iḵ̓a̱yda̱s la̱'e ḵe'nakwa̱la, g̱wag̱wixs'alas la̱'e ixḵ̓a̱sa̱la lax̱is biba̱k̓wine' dłu'wa ik a̱'wi'nagwis. La i's ḵ̓otła̱laxda'x̱wa̱s tłuma̱'e ya̱xaxda'x̱wa la̱'e dux̱w'atła̱la x̱a wa wastala lax̱a t̓łasakw. La̱'mis ḵ̓oł'atła̱la la̱'e ḵ̓a x̱is lala̱'a, la'a̱m ḵ̓a x̱is la̱'ex̱sḏ'as. La̱'mis x̱a̱nyasas la̱'e tłuma ya̱xa, la'a̱m laga̱'a lax̱is lala̱'as. La'a̱m g̱wał x̱is ḵatsu'wine'.
La̱'mi da t̓sat̓sa̱'yasola it'id ḵa's le t̓sat̓sa̱mxsila x̱a ał'ugwa̱'la 'na̱mx̱dłała dłu'wis 'ni'na̱mukw la lax̱a t̓a̱xsola ḵa ugwaḵe's la ḵasa lax̱ ḵas'ida̱'asa sa̱n's Ga̱lga'lis.
La'a̱m ḵ̓wa̱l'ba'
(curly apostrophe ') = “'WIKSAS?” “'wiksas?” LE'GA̱N'S le'ga̱n's I'S i's HA̱MX'IDA ha̱mx'ida ḴAḴA̱MX̱WAL'A̱MS ḵaḵa̱mx̱wal'a̱ms 'LAḴ̓WALA 'laḵ̓wala A̱LS'A̱LK̓WALA a̱ls'a̱lk̓wala 'LA̱G̱A̱KW 'la̱g̱a̱kw A̱BSUDIŁBE' a̱bsudiłbe' I'AX̱A̱LUX̱ i'ax̱a̱lux̱ A̱ME'GA̱N a̱me'ga̱n Ḵ̓A̱S'A̱NE'X ḵ̓a̱s'a̱ne'x I'AX̱A̱LUX̱ i'ax̱a̱lux̱ A̱LS'A̱LK̓WALA a̱ls'a̱lk̓wala ALI'WADZA̱M ali'wadza̱m AŁ'ALISA̱LA ał'alisa̱la AŁA'A̱N ała'a̱n AŁ'I ał'i AŁ'UGWA̱X̱SA̱'MAKW ał'ugwa̱x̱sa̱'makw AM'XULI'A̱MS am'xuli'a̱ms ATŁALA'S atłala's ATŁANO'YI atłano'yi AXP̓ALA'IS axp̓ala'is AXW'SULI'A̱MS axw'suli'a̱ms AX̱ALI'WAT̓SA̱S ax̱ali'wat̓sa̱s A'AX̱'A a'ax̱'a A'A̱NDZAḴWA̱LA'YU a'a̱ndzaḵwa̱la'yu A'IK̓A̱LAKW a'ik̓a̱lakw A'TŁABALA a'tłabala A'TŁI a'tłi A'ULUT̓ŁA a'ulut̓ła MA'Ł ma'ł 'MA̱LX̱TŁU 'ma̱lx̱tłu A̱LSANU'X̱W a̱lsanu'x̱w A̱LSAXDA'X̱WI' a̱lsaxda'x̱wi' A̱ME'G̱A̱M a̱me'g̱a̱m A̱ME'X'ID a̱me'x'id A̱ME'SG̱A̱MALA a̱me'sg̱a̱mala A̱MŁA̱L'SA̱NI'G̱ANA̱M a̱mła̱l'sa̱ni'g̱ana̱m A̱NI'ḴA a̱ni'ḵa
(K̓ Ḵ̓ P̓ T̓ L̓ K̓W Ḵ̓W T̓Ł T̓S k̓ ḵ̓ p̓ t̓ l̓ k̓w ḵ̓w t̓ł t̓s) = ḴASIT̓ŁA̱SA̱LA ḵasit̓ła̱sa̱la ḴA̱KAL̓I ḵa̱kal̓i ḴA̱KA̱'AL̓I'A̱MS ḵa̱ka̱'al̓i'a̱ms ḴA̱MXWḴA̱MW̓IS ḵa̱mxwḵa̱mw̓is ḴA̱P̓ALUD ḵa̱p̓alud ḴA̱P̓ATŁE' ḵa̱p̓atłe' T̓ŁA̱ḴWAX̱ t̓ła̱ḵwax̱ MA̱NAT̓SIYAS ma̱nat̓siyas T̓ŁAT̓ŁA̱GWA̱NU'DZE' t̓łat̓ła̱gwa̱nu'dze T̓ŁA̱X̱'ID t̓ła̱x̱'id'
(A̱ X̱ G̱ Ḵ a̱ x̱ g̱ ḵ) = ḴAḴASAL'A̱MS ḵaḵasal'a̱ms ḴADZITŁA ḵadzitła ḴAḴA'YA̱'MA ḵaḵa'ya̱'ma ḴAḴA̱MXWALA'MA̱S ḵaḵa̱mxwala'ma̱s ḴAḴA̱MX̱WAL'A̱MS ḵaḵa̱mx̱wal'a̱ms ḴASAYA̱MDALA ḵasaya̱mdala 'YAGA̱M 'yaga̱m T̓ŁUḴWA̱YU t̓łuḵwa̱yu ba̱gwana̱m
(ḴA̱ G̱A̱ A̱X̱ X̱A̱ ḵa̱ g̱a̱ a̱x̱ x̱a̱) = TŁAX̱A̱N tłax̱a̱n ḴAḴA̱MX̱WALW'A̱MS ḵaḵa̱mx̱walw'a̱ms ḴA̱GA̱KW ḵa̱ga̱kw 'NALASG̱A̱MX̱ 'Nalasg̱a̱mx̱ ḴADZA̱ŁA̱X̱STE ḵadza̱ła̱x̱ste ḴAK̓A̱X̱UD ḵak̓a̱x̱ud G̱AG̱A̱MP'WA̱ŁE'A̱N g̱ag̱a̱mp'wa̱łe'a̱n T̓ŁI'NA'G̱A̱KW t̓łi'na'g̱a̱kw ga̱n
(A̱ḴA̱ A̱G̱A̱ A̱GA̱ a̱ḵa̱ a̱g̱a̱ a̱ga̱) = AT̓ŁA̱ḴA̱LANA̱M at̓ła̱ḵa̱lana̱m 'LA̱G̱A̱KW 'la̱g̱a̱kw adła̱ga̱lił ŁA̱Ḵ̓A̱STA̱NX ła̱ḵ̓a̱sta̱nx
(Ł ł) = ŁA̱X̱ŁAḴ ła̱x̱łaḵ ŁA̱NŁA̱NUX̱TŁI ła̱nła̱nux̱tłi ḴAḴIŁBALA ḵaḵiłbala ŁAŁA̱L'G̱A̱MALA łała̱l'g̱a̱mala ŁAŁK̓U łałk̓u GEŁA geła DŁAX̱WIŁA dłax̱wiła ŁA̱K̓WE' ła̱k̓we' ŁA̱ḴŁAḴA̱N ła̱ḵłaḵa̱n ŁA̱MSIŁ ła̱msił ŁINA̱MA łina̱ma ŁOGWAŁA łogwała ŁUḴ̓WA łuḵ̓wa YA̱ŁTSA̱MDALA ya̱łtsa̱mdala
(kerning pairs) = l'g (łała̱l'g̱a̱mala), i'b (bi'bukwex̱), i'ḵ (a̱ni'ḵi), a'o (wa̱'okwtła̱'os), ł'a (ał'atła̱lux̱), a' (t̓sigwa̱nuwa'), u'm (ḵ̓u'mis), e'y (ale'ya̱n), A'T (A'TŁABALA), a't (a'tłabala), l'a (ḵaḵa̱mx̱wal'a̱ms), ŁT (YA̱ŁTSA̱MDALA), L'A (ḴAḴA̱MX̱WAL'A̱MS), a'y (ḵaḵa'ya̱'ma), a'm (ḵaḵa'ya̱'ma), A'M (ḴAḴA̱MXWALA'MA̱S), w'a̱ (g̱axw'a̱l'sa̱la̱n), a'w (lala'wiła̱lax̱), x'i (t̓ła̱x̱'id)
(Font build validation test string) = ' K̓ Ḵ̓ P̓ T̓ L̓ K̓W Ḵ̓W T̓Ł T̓S A̱ X̱ G̱ Ḵ ḴA̱ G̱A̱ A̱X̱ X̱A̱ A̱ḴA̱ A̱G̱A̱ A̱GA̱ Ł k̓ ḵ̓ p̓ t̓ l̓ k̓w ḵ̓w t̓ł t̓s a̱ x̱ g̱ ḵ ḵa̱ g̱a̱ a̱x̱ x̱a̱ a̱ḵa̱ a̱g̱a̱ a̱ga̱ ł //samples// “'wiksas?” wa̱'okwtła̱'os YA̱ŁTSA̱MDALA t̓ła̱x̱'id ḵa̱p̓atłe' AT̓ŁA̱ḴA̱LANA̱M at̓ła̱ḵa̱lana̱m 'LA̱G̱A̱KW 'la̱g̱a̱kw adła̱ga̱lił
The inline apostrophe is related orthographically to the comma above diacritic mark, and therefore for readability should have an associated graphic form (the curly ball-and-tail form). In the reference fonts, the inline apostrophe is 10–14% larger in scale to the comma above diacritic shape. <a̱ls'a̱lk̓wala>
In sans serif text, it is preferred that underlines below the letters (marked by U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW) be very visible, spanning nearly the full width of the letter glyph in a wider implementation than standard for this diacritic.
Typography
Vertical metrics: y-limit considerations
This writing system employs dynamically-attached mark-to-mark anchoring composition. It is recommended that the font developer pays particular attention to strings with marks above ascenders <K̓ Ḵ̓ P̓ T̓> and below descenders <g̱> to ensure that the diacritic marks are not clipped. This could be achieved through the design solution for the combining mark or through providing an adequate "y maximum" boundary that encloses the marks.
Underlines and font styles
In typical serif and sans-serif text, underlines are not connected between neighbouring letters: <a̱g̱a̱>. However in cursive and handwritten styles, the underline mark may be connected, reflecting the behaviour of actual handwritten text where underlines are connected in multi-letter sequences. When doing so, care should be taken to keep the underline at a consistent height through sequences like <a̱g̱a̱>, where the bottom edge of the letters differ. The line may pass through the descender of the g.
Apostrophe spacing and styling
Apostrophe is considered a letter character that is part of a word. In formal serif and sans serif typographic styles, the inline apostrophe should carry a glyph width and should have a visual space between the two letters it sits between. <la'dza̱nd>
In fully connected cursive styles, the two letters one either side of the apostrophe should connect to one another, with the apostrophe landing above the connection. For example, in <a̱wi'nagwis>, the i should connect to the n in the sequence <i'n>, and the apostrophe remains between those glyphs, above the cursive connection.
Font examples
- Arimo - Google Fonts
- Dash - Typotheque
- Fedra Sans - Typotheque
- Fira Sans - Google Fonts
- Greta Serif - Typotheque
- Lava - Typotheque
- Merriweather - Google Fonts
- Montserrat - Google Fonts
- November - Typotheque
- November Stencil - Typotheque
- October - Typotheque
- Skeena Indigenous - Microsoft
- Source Sans 3 - Google Fonts
- Zed Display - Typotheque
- Zed Text - Typotheque
Input and encoding
Available Keyboards
Legacy encoding
Historically, two combining comma characters — U+0313 ◌̓ COMBINING COMMA ABOVE and U+0315 ◌̕ COMBINING COMMA ABOVE RIGHT — have been used to represent the glottal mark, either over a single base glyph (<U+0313> k̓ ḵ̓ p̓ t̓ l̓) or between two members of a digraph sequence (<U+0315> k̕w ḵ̕w t̕ł t̕s). However, both encodings are understood practically as a single glyph with a single function, and in a digraph the combining mark is typed and associated with the leading letter rather than after both letters. In 2025, the U'mista Cultural Centre has chosen to standardize their writing system by deprecating <U+0315> from their texts and keyboards. Supporting fonts should provide backwards compatibility for <U+0315>. Fonts could hypothetically recreate the effect of the combining mark centered between members of a digraph using the modern encoding <U+0313>.